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Here, we use reciprocal cross experiments to disentangle the influence of host and parasite on core virulence components\u2014infection and pathology\u2014and understand dramatic differences in parasite\u2010induced malformations in California amphibians. Surveys across 319 populations revealed that amphibians' malformation risk was 2.7\u00d7 greater in low\u2010elevation ponds, even while controlling for trematode infection load. Factorial experiments revealed that parasites from low\u2010elevation sites induced higher per\u2010parasite pathology (reduced host survival and growth), whereas there were no effects of host source on resistance or tolerance. Parasite populations also exhibited marked differences in within\u2010host distribution: ~90% of low\u2010elevation cysts aggregated around the hind limbs, relative to &lt;60% from high\u2010elevation. This offers a novel, mechanistic basis for regional variation in parasite\u2010induced malformations while promoting a framework for partitioning host and parasite contributions to virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T23:55:53Z","timestamp":1703030153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Into the danger zone: How the within\u2010host distribution of parasites controls virulence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-5390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter T. 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