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A key behavioural mechanism whereby animals may cope with such events is by altering their social structure, which in turn could influence epidemic risk. However, how and to what extent natural disasters affect disease risk via changes in sociality remains unexplored in animal populations. By simulating disease spread in free\u2010living rhesus macaques (\n                    <jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) before and after a hurricane, we demonstrate doubled pathogen transmission rates up to 5\u2009years following the disaster, equivalent to an increase in pathogen infectivity from 10% to 20%. Moreover, the hurricane redistributed the risk of infection across the population by exacerbating sex\u2010related differences. Overall, we demonstrate that natural disasters can amplify and redistribute epidemic risk in animals via changes in sociality. These observations provide unexpected further mechanisms by which extreme weather events can threaten wildlife health, population viability and spillover to humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T10:28:46Z","timestamp":1735640926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Natural Disaster Exacerbates and Redistributes Disease Risk Among Free\u2010Ranging Macaques by Altering Social Structure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Alba","family":"Motes\u2010Rodrigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"The Sense Innovation and Research Center  Lausanne and Sion Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6260-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory F.","family":"Albery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Georgetown University  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Trinity College Dublin  Dublin Republic of Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josue E.","family":"Negron\u2010Del Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evolution and Medicine Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Philips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Cayo Biobank Research Unit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Marketing Department University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren J. 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