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However, the mechanisms underlying their spread remain poorly understood, largely due to limited and inconsistent data. Here, we integrate high\u2010resolution human mobility data with a thermo\u2010biologically realistic metapopulation model to investigate the colonisation dynamics of the dengue vector,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , using 20\u2009years of invasion data from Spain. Our results reveal the dual role of humans: as architects of climate change, making local environments increasingly suitable, and as vehicles of dispersal, inadvertently transporting this vector across regions. The spread occurs through a fragmented human mobility network, while natural dispersal bridges gaps between connected areas, enabling faster and more continuous expansion. These findings underscore the importance of considering the synergistic effects of climate, human movement, and natural dispersal when forecasting future range expansions and designing coordinated, multi\u2010scale vector control strategies in an era of rapid environmental change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:00:28Z","timestamp":1770750028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Understanding Mosquito Vector Invasion Pathways: Synergistic Effects of Human Mobility, Climate and Natural Dispersal"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0268-3939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pardo\u2010Araujo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes (CEAB\u2010CSIC)  Blanes Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-5345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egor","family":"Kotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR)  Rostock Germany"},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8888-1644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes (CEAB\u2010CSIC)  Blanes Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6908-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Bartumeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes (CEAB\u2010CSIC)  Blanes Spain"},{"name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Centre de Recerca Ecol\u00f2gica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF)  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Prani e mushkonj\u00ebs Aedes albopictus n\u00eb shqip\u00ebri","volume":"1","author":"Adhami J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Revista Mjek\u00ebsore"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_3_1","unstructured":"Agencia Estatal de Meteorolog\u00eda (AEMET).2025.\u201cArchivo de proyecciones clim\u00e1ticas \u2013 AEMET.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02199-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2023.101205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1262-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1288531"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2011.00196.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05414-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12652-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects16090904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.6.20696"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2011.61.6.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/psp.2578"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/593232"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00549.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_21_1","volume-title":"Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations","author":"Hanski I. 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