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We tested whether the wild bird\u2013avian influenza virus (AIV) network exhibits a scale\u2010free structure, implying that hub hosts disproportionately contribute to transmission and whether ecological and evolutionary traits jointly predict hub status. Using global infection records, we constructed a bipartite network linking 247 bird species to 105 AIV subtypes. Degree distributions followed a power\u2010law pattern, confirming substantial heterogeneity in host importance. We identified 23 hub species, exclusively from Anseriformes and Charadriiformes. Interpretable machine learning revealed that hub species share strong flightability, prolonged water\u2010surface foraging, greater longevity and higher diversification rates, indicating that both ecological exposure and evolutionary history influence hub status. These findings provide insight into host\u2013pathogen network dynamics and highlight priority species for targeted AIV surveillance and control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T06:16:32Z","timestamp":1779862592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Host\u2010Pathogen Network and Eco\u2010Evolutionary Drivers of Avian Influenza Transmission in Wild Birds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases  Wuxi China"},{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swapnil","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9476-3321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2011.19672.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003570"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_8_1","volume-title":"2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: A Global Species Assessment","author":"Baillie J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2012.0375"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_12_1","first-page":"2546","article-title":"Algorithms for Hyper\u2010Parameter Optimization","volume":"24","author":"Bergstra J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.05.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001850"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-6-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg7942"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0691-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60111-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-8-S4-S11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1973.10489112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005557"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09737-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01783.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_26_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Introducing the Bipartite Package: Analysing Ecological Networks","volume":"1","author":"Dormann C. 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