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For many ectotherms, abiotic and biotic factors shape their abundance and distribution by generating stage\u2010specific variation in life history traits. Although previous studies have examined temperature, rainfall, competition and habitat quality in relation to maximal population growth rate (), relative humidity has rarely been incorporated into trait\u2010based thermal performance frameworks. Using laboratory experiments, we show that relative humidity alters juvenile life history trait responses in\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles stephensi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an important malaria vector. We then integrate these humidity\u2010dependent juvenile trait responses into an analytic  model to examine how relative humidity shifts the temperature dependence of projected population growth. Heuristic climate\u2010suitability comparisons further illustrate that temperature\u2013humidity interactions acting through juvenile traits alone can alter qualitative inference about when and where temperature\u2010only models may over\u2010 or underestimate environmental suitability. These results highlight the importance of incorporating humidity alongside temperature when assessing ectotherm responses to climatic variation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:16:42Z","timestamp":1781245002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beyond Temperature: Relative Humidity Systematically Shifts Juvenile Thermal Performance and Projected Population Growth in a Malaria Vector"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9211-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Huxley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of York  UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Statistics Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia 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Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon D.","family":"Hollingsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"},{"name":"Cornell Institute for Host Microbe Interaction and Disease Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina  Columbia South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Bump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability University of Oklahoma  Norman Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Wimberly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability University of Oklahoma  Norman Oklahoma 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