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While predation shifted mean\u2010level behaviours, the magnitude of individuality was unaffected, indicating that individuality crystallizes robustly over time under stress and without genetic variation. Surprisingly, maternal identity strongly shaped swimming velocity but not refuge use, suggesting distinct developmental mechanisms for different ecologically relevant behaviours. We show that individuality persists despite ecological stress and is seeded before birth through non\u2010genetic factors. Even in the face of a shared environmental challenge, the behavioural trajectories of individuals are unique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T17:03:01Z","timestamp":1789405381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Born This Way: Individuality Is Seeded Before Birth and Robust to Ecological Stress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5705-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James H.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8932-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammon D.","family":"Perkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9853-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia\u2010Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8719-3362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma S.","family":"Chirila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Kacevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1523-9340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate L.","family":"Laskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution and Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17547"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01081.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15361"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/673213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2979.2003.00132.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.13107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11956860.1998.11682471"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-021-01575-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01846.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00618.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-018-2473-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101323-025423"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853905774539445"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-008-9252-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2023.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2012.20556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2019.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_25_1","volume-title":"Natural Selection in the Wild","author":"Endler J. 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