{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T09:17:00Z","timestamp":1771665420741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biomarkers as indicators for the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010associated neurocognitive disorders (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAND<\/jats:styled-content>) remain still elusive. We performed a cross\u2010sectional study to analyze the correlation between cognitive impairment, abnormalities in magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>), and cerebrospinal fluid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>) markers of neurodegeneration in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 94 patients (82 men and 12 women; mean age 45\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010\u00a0years) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, but without opportunistic infections of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content>. All patients underwent <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> analysis. The global pattern of white matter signal intensity abnormalities, the index of atrophy, the severity of periventricular white matter abnormalities, and the severity of basal ganglia signal changes were analyzed. We measured <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> markers of neurodegeneration (total tau, phospho\u2010tau, beta\u2010amyloid). The findings of this evaluation were correlated with demographic and infection parameters of the patients in blood and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a highly significant correlation between the severity of global brain atrophy, basal ganglia signal changes, and cognitive impairment in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients. Furthermore, cognitive impairment was significantly correlated with total tau, but not with phospho\u2010tau or A\u2010beta\u2010amyloid in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content> analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results confirm the significant correlation between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> changes and cognitive impairment in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. Furthermore, we could show that global brain atrophy and signal changes in basal ganglia are the typical <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> pattern in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAND<\/jats:styled-content>. The correlation between cognitive impairment and total tau, but not phospho\u2010tau, supports the hypothesis that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAND<\/jats:styled-content> are not a subtype of Alzheimer's dementia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T05:36:15Z","timestamp":1351143375000},"page":"420-428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Cognitive impairment in <scp>HIV<\/scp> infection is associated with <scp>MRI<\/scp> and <scp>CSF<\/scp> pattern of neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Steinbrink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of M\u00fcnster M\u00fcnster 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