{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T18:18:35Z","timestamp":1790965115278,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,25]],"date-time":"2012-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuromyelitis optica (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content>) is a severe demyelinating inflammatory disorder associated with serum antibodies against aquaporin 4 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010Ab). A significant number of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> remain seronegative over time. Long\u2010term observational magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>) studies of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CNS<\/jats:styled-content> in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> are rare or of limited duration. The objective of this study is to determine long\u2010term <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> characteristics of seropositive and seronegative patients, and assess possible overlap with multiple sclerosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical and radiological characteristics of 28 patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> at onset and of 17 patients after an average follow\u2010up time of 9\u2005years were recorded. Fifty percent of patients were seropositive for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010Ab. Onset and final brain\/spinal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> scans were retrospectively analysed and compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significantly more patients in the seronegative group had brain lesions at onset. Spinal lesions of seropositive patients were longer and showed increased cord swelling at onset <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> scans. After the follow\u2010up time the differences between both groups disappeared. Patients in the seropositive group tended to develop brain lesions over time. No patient fulfilled Barkhof's or McDonald's radiological criteria for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> at onset or over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content> features show differences between seropositive and seronegative patients at time of onset in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content>, but differences between groups vanish over time. None of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AQP<\/jats:styled-content>4\u2010negative patients fulfill radiological <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> criteria on a long\u2010term basis, suggesting that seronegative <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMO<\/jats:styled-content> constitutes an independent entity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,26]],"date-time":"2012-12-26T03:06:27Z","timestamp":1356491187000},"page":"781-787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Long\u2010term <scp>MRI<\/scp> findings in neuromyelitis optica: seropositive versus seronegative patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"K\u0131yat\u2010Atamer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology TC Bilim University Istanbul 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