{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T20:33:03Z","timestamp":1769718783963,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,5]],"date-time":"2013-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1360022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nzogenol, a flavonoid\u2010rich extract from <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>inus radiata<\/jats:italic> bark with antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory properties has been shown to improve working memory in healthy adults. In traumatic brain injury (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>), oxidation and inflammation have been linked to poorer cognitive outcomes. Hence, this phase <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content>, randomized controlled trial investigated safety, compliance and efficacy of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nzogenol for improving cognitive functioning in people following mild <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty adults, who sustained a mild <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>, 3\u201312\u2005months prior to recruitment, and who were experiencing persistent cognitive difficulties [Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFQ<\/jats:styled-content>) score\u00a0&gt;\u200538], were randomized to receive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nzogenol (1000\u2005mg\/day) or matching placebo for 6\u2005weeks. Subsequently, all participants received <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nzogenol for a further 6\u2005weeks, followed by placebo for 4\u2005weeks. Compliance, side\u2010effects, cognitive failures, working and episodic memory, post\u2010concussive symptoms and mood were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 16\u2005weeks. Simultaneous estimation of treatment effect and breakpoint was effected, with confidence intervals (CIs) obtained through a treatment\u2013placebo balance\u2010preserving bootstrap procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Enzogenol was found to be safe and well tolerated. Trend and breakpoint analyses showed a significant reduction in cognitive failures after 6\u2005weeks [mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CFQ<\/jats:styled-content> score, 95% CI, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nzogenol versus placebo \u22126.9 (\u221210.8 to \u22124.1)]. Improvements in the frequency of self\u2010reported cognitive failures were estimated to continue until week 11 before stabilizing. Other outcome measures showed some positive trends but no significant treatment effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nzogenol supplementation is safe and well tolerated in people after mild <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>, and may improve cognitive functioning in this patient population. This study provides Class <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IIB<\/jats:styled-content> evidence that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>nzogenol is well tolerated and may reduce self\u2010perceived cognitive failures in patients 3\u201312\u2005months post\u2010mild <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,5]],"date-time":"2013-02-05T15:35:48Z","timestamp":1360078548000},"page":"1135-1144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Enzogenol for cognitive functioning in traumatic brain injury: a pilot placebo\u2010controlled <scp>RCT<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Theadom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences School of Rehabilitation and Occupation Studies AUT University Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Person Centred Research Centre School of Rehabilitation and Occupation Studies AUT University Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Mahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences School of Rehabilitation and Occupation Studies AUT University Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Barker\u2010Collo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Person Centred Research Centre School of Rehabilitation and Occupation Studies AUT University Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Rush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition AUT University Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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