{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T19:11:58Z","timestamp":1770577918903,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is limited knowledge regarding the long\u2010term outcome of the methcathinone\/manganese\u2010induced movement disorder. Our purpose was to define prognosis in intravenous methcathinone abusers affected by this distinctive disorder attributed to manganese (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>n) toxicity. Also, neuropathology from a globus pallidus region biopsy from a former user is reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen methcathinone abusers were categorized as active (five), discontinued (four) or former (nine) users. They were reassessed after a median of 32.5\u00a0months (range 3.4\u201359.6) clinically, on rating scales, and with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>and blood<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>n levels. The biopsy was examined ultrastructurally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall the group showed a slight tendency to deterioration at follow\u2010up on clinical assessment of motor functioning, especially the active users. No significant change occurred on parkinsonian rating scale reassessment. Significant reduction in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>n levels occurred in former users, and decreased<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010weighted hyperintensity on basal ganglia<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>occurred in 3 of 4 former and 2 of 3 discontinued users, despite lack of clinical improvement. The biopsy consisted of white matter showing decompacted myelin sheaths and frequent abnormalities of mitochondria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>No improvement in this<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>n\u2010induced movement disorder occurs after cessation of methcathinone abuse despite improvement of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>n blood levels and\/or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>abnormalities. Ultrastructural abnormalities in a former user confirm structural damage to white matter is associated with the disorder. Methcathinone\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>n toxicity is an important, disabling and permanent medical sequel of intravenous drug abuse in the former Soviet Union.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T06:41:45Z","timestamp":1368772905000},"page":"199-205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The outcome of the movement disorder in methcathinone abusers: clinical,<scp>MRI<\/scp>and manganesemia changes, and neuropathology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Stepens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Research in Rehabilitation Riga Stradins University Riga Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Groma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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