{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:03:14Z","timestamp":1791291794963,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is no strong evidence that all ischaemic stroke types are associated with high cardiovascular risk. Our aim was to investigate whether all ischaemic stroke types are associated with high cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All consecutive patients with ischaemic stroke registered in the Athens Stroke Registry between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2010 were categorized according to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOAST<\/jats:styled-content> classification and were followed up for up to 10\u00a0years. Outcomes assessed were cardiovascular and all\u2010cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke recurrence, and a composite cardiovascular outcome consisting of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, acute heart failure, sudden cardiac death, stroke recurrence and aortic aneurysm rupture. The Kaplan\u2013Meier product limit method was used to estimate the probability of each end\u2010point in each patient group. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the independent covariates of each end\u2010point.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two thousand seven hundred and thirty patients were followed up for 48.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a041.9\u00a0months. The cumulative probabilities of 10\u2010year cardiovascular mortality in patients with cardioembolic stroke [46.6%, 95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 40.6\u201352.8], lacunar stroke (22.1%, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 16.2\u201328.0) or undetermined stroke (35.2%, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 27.8\u201342.6) were either similar to or higher than those of patients with large\u2010artery atherosclerotic stroke (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LAA<\/jats:styled-content>) (28.7%, 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 22.4\u201335.0). Compared with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LAA<\/jats:styled-content>, all other <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOAST<\/jats:styled-content> types had a higher probability of 10\u2010year stroke recurrence. In Cox proportional hazards analysis, compared with patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LAA<\/jats:styled-content>, patients with any other stroke type were associated with similar or higher risk for the outcomes of overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, stroke recurrence and composite cardiovascular outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Large\u2010artery atherosclerotic stroke and cardioembolic stroke are associated with the highest risk for future cardiovascular events, with the latter carrying at least as high a risk as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LAA<\/jats:styled-content> stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T14:36:23Z","timestamp":1396449383000},"page":"1108-1114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Association of ischaemic stroke subtype with long\u2010term cardiovascular events"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Ntaios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Medical School University of Thessaly Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Papavasileiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Medical School University of Thessaly Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Makaritsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Medical School University of Thessaly Larissa Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Milionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Medical School University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service CHUV University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Vemmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Division Hellenic Cardiovascular Research Society Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification","volume":"39","author":"National Kidney F","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e31825bcdac"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"v1","article-title":"JBS 2: Joint British Societies' guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice","volume":"91","author":"British Cardiac S, British Hypertension S, Diabetes UK, Heart UK, Primary Care Cardiovascular S, Stroke A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.921072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000016042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"541","article-title":"Experience from a multicentre stroke register: a preliminary report","volume":"54","author":"Hatano S","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000190118.02275.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.480988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829e6f37"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh636"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1201.100209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.170456"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.534107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.26.5.801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2013.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.673558"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fene.12438","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fene.12438","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ene.12438","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T16:21:10Z","timestamp":1695572470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ene.12438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ene.12438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.12438","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-5101","1468-1331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-5101","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-1331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-01-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-03-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-04-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}