{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:10:08Z","timestamp":1784725808616,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 ES013717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 ES013717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parkinson's disease is more common in men than women by a ratio of about 1.5:1 and yet there is no consensus to date as to whether female reproductive factors including hormone use affect Parkinson's disease risk. Our objective was to examine the relationship between Parkinson's disease and female reproductive factors in the largest population\u2010based Parkinson's disease case\u2212control study to date.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven hundred and forty\u2010three female Parkinson's disease cases diagnosed between 1996 and 2009 were selected from the Danish National Hospital Register, diagnoses confirmed by medical record review, and the cases were matched by birth year to 765 female controls randomly selected from the Danish Civil Registration System. Covariate information was collected in computer\u2010assisted telephone interviews covering an extensive array of topics including reproductive and lifestyle factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjusting for smoking, caffeine and alcohol use, education, age, and family Parkinson's disease history, inverse associations between Parkinson's disease and early menarche (first period at \u226411\u00a0years), oral contraceptives, high parity (\u22654 children) and bilateral oophorectomy were found; adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence limits were respectively 0.68 (0.45\u20131.03) for early menarche, 0.87 (0.69\u20131.10) for oral contraceptives, 0.79 (0.59\u20131.06) for high parity and 0.65 (0.45\u20130.94) for bilateral oophorectomy. Little support for associations between Parkinson's disease and fertile life length, age at menopause or post\u2010menopausal hormone treatment was found.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reproductive factors related to women's early\u2010 to mid\u2010reproductive lives appear to be predictive of subsequent Parkinson's disease risk whereas factors occurring later in life seem less important.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T06:33:03Z","timestamp":1398148383000},"page":"1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Reproductive factors and Parkinson's disease risk in Danish women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Greene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology UCLA Fielding School of Public Health Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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