{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T05:56:12Z","timestamp":1776491772685,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some 3%\u221210% of patients with multiple sclerosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>) experience disease onset before the age of 18\u00a0years (\u2018early\u2019 onset <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> EOMS<\/jats:styled-content>). Optical coherence tomography is a non\u2010invasive method to measure retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNFLT<\/jats:styled-content>) and total macular volume (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMV<\/jats:styled-content>) and may be useful to differentiate axonal and neuronal damage in the retina of patients with a history of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOMS<\/jats:styled-content>. Here <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNFLT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMV<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOMS<\/jats:styled-content> patients after a mean disease duration of 11.6\u00a0years were compared with patients with age\u2010 or disease\u2010duration\u2010matched later onset <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LOMS<\/jats:styled-content>) and healthy controls (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this observational cross\u2010sectional study at two German academic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> centres, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNFLT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMV<\/jats:styled-content> were measured by spectral\u2010domain optical coherence tomography in 32 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>s, 36 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOMS<\/jats:styled-content> (mean age at onset 15.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.0\u00a0years) and 58 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LOMS<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In comparison with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>s, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOMS<\/jats:styled-content> patients displayed a significant reduction of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNFLT<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMV<\/jats:styled-content> independently of a history of optic neuritis. In particular, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNFLT<\/jats:styled-content> loss in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOMS<\/jats:styled-content> was similar to that in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LOMS<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMV<\/jats:styled-content> loss was slightly higher compared with disease\u2010duration\u2010matched <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LOMS<\/jats:styled-content>. In a generalized estimating model, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOMS<\/jats:styled-content> group also displayed a similar correlation between disease duration and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNFLT<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMV<\/jats:styled-content> loss to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LOMS<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data argue for a significant amount of axonal and neuronal damage in the retina of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOMS<\/jats:styled-content> patients and may provide a structural basis for the observation that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EOMS<\/jats:styled-content> patients reach states of irreversible disability at a younger age than patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LOMS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,7]],"date-time":"2014-08-07T14:03:32Z","timestamp":1407420212000},"page":"86-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optical coherence tomography in patients with a history of juvenile multiple sclerosis reveals early retinal damage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Huhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Erlangen Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"L\u00e4mmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Erlangen Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Oberwahrenbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine University of Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"L\u00e4mmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Erlangen Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Waschbisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Erlangen Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Gosar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Erlangen Erlangen Germany"},{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine University of Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine University of Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. 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