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The first\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    device required surgical implantation of electrodes and a stimulator. Adverse events (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s) are generally associated with implantation or continuous\n                    <jats:italic>on\u2212off<\/jats:italic>\n                    stimulation. Infection is the most serious implantation\u2010associated\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Bradycardia and asystole have also been described during implantation, as has vocal cord paresis, which can last up to 6\u00a0months and depends on surgical skill and experience. The most frequent stimulation\u2010associated\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s include voice alteration, paresthesia, cough, headache, dyspnea, pharyngitis and pain, which may require a decrease in stimulation strength or intermittent or permanent device deactivation. Newer non\u2010invasive\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    delivery systems do not require surgery and permit patient\u2010administered stimulation on demand. These non\u2010invasive\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    systems improve the safety and tolerability of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , making it more accessible and facilitating further investigations across a wider range of uses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,23]],"date-time":"2015-01-23T00:21:21Z","timestamp":1421972481000},"page":"1260-1268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["Surgically implanted and non\u2010invasive vagus nerve stimulation: a\u00a0review of efficacy, safety and tolerability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Ben\u2010Menachem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Clinical Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy G\u00f6teborgs University G\u00f6teborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Revesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Clinical Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy G\u00f6teborgs University G\u00f6teborg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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