{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:16:23Z","timestamp":1789978583794,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008582","name":"McGill University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007366","name":"Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2007\/R\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2007\/R\/14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007366","name":"Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2008\/R\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008\/R\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["911421\/2008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["911421\/2008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["911474\/2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["911474\/2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005036","name":"Universitetet i Bergen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000261","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings from existing research on the association between socioeconomic status (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>) and multiple sclerosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>) are inconsistent. Most previous studies are limited to one country and do not adequately adjust for other risk factors for the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> was examined using data from the multinational Environmental Risk Factors in Multiple Sclerosis (Env<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMS<\/jats:styled-content>) case\u2013control study, comprising 2144 cases and 3859 controls from Norway, Canada and Italy. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between early life <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content>, measured by parental educational level, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, sunlight exposure, history of infectious mononucleosis, smoking, obesity and family size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relative to those whose parents had primary school education or below, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> amongst individuals with university\u2010educated parents, and the <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value for trend across education levels, were 1.45 (1.03\u20132.05) in Canada (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend 0.030), 1.09 (0.85\u20131.39) in Norway (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend 0.395) and 0.65 (0.39\u20131.07) in Italy (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for trend 0.158).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is no consistent association between parental <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> risk in Norway, Canada and Italy, with a protective effect of low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SES<\/jats:styled-content> only found in Canada.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,17]],"date-time":"2015-10-17T08:58:18Z","timestamp":1445072298000},"page":"168-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Does low socioeconomic status in early life protect against multiple sclerosis? A multinational, case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Goulden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health McGill University Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Riise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.\u2010M.","family":"Myhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Norwegian Multiple Sclerosis Competence Centre Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway"},{"name":"The KG Jebsen Centre for MS Research Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pugliatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Sassari Sassari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Wolfson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health McGill University Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine McGill University Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185634"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00965-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)90216-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.1.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12586"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9201-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007858"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38041.724421.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821d74c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-543X.2006.00153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12494"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004565"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"AtkinsonAB MorelliS.Chartbook of economic inequality. [WWW document].2014.http:\/\/www.chartbookofeconomicinequality.com\/(accessed 7 August 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"258","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Greenland S","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.2.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfl033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Education at a Glance 2012","author":"OECD","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510397686"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"The distribution of multiple sclerosis in Sardinia","volume":"98","author":"Rosati G","year":"1977","journal-title":"Riv Patol Nerv Ment"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000110369"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fene.12830","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ene.12830","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T05:44:34Z","timestamp":1696225474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ene.12830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ene.12830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.12830","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-5101","1468-1331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-5101","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-1331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-01-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-08-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-10-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}