{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T05:36:44Z","timestamp":1791005804176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Committees of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"\n Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n The influence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on cognitive and affective functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease (\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) was examined.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 570\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients were divided into two subgroups depending on waist circumference (\n WC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) (normal versus achieving Japanese diagnostic criteria of MetS). Afterwards, the\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n control subgroup was defined as those normal\n WC<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients with no vascular risk factors (\n VRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n s). The\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n with MetS (\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010MetS) subgroup was defined as the MetS\n WC<\/jats:styled-content>\n group who had two or more\n VRF<\/jats:styled-content>\n s to qualify as having MetS. Cognitive and affective functions, insulin resistance, vascular endothelial function and white matter changes between\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010MetS and\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n controls were compared.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Scores on the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination, Hasegawa Dementia Score \u2013 Revised, Frontal Assessment Battery and Montreal Cognitive Assessment were worse in the\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010MetS group than in\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n controls, but the difference was not significant. Some analyses were conducted twice, once including all patients and once including only late\u2010elderly patients. Scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale were found to be significantly higher for\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010MetS than for\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n controls (all ages, late\u2010elderly), as were those for apathy (late\u2010elderly). Furthermore, both the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and reactive hyperemia index scores were significantly worse in\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010MetS than in\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n controls, whilst white matter changes showed a tendency to be worse.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Greater cognitive and affective decline occurs in patients with\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010MetS than in those without. Further, insulin resistance and vascular endothelial dysfunction are strongly correlated with\n AD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010MetS before pathological white matter changes can be observed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T07:05:30Z","timestamp":1445583930000},"page":"339-345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Cognitive and affective functions in Alzheimer's disease patients with metabolic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Hishikawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Fukui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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