{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:46:53Z","timestamp":1791478013705,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]],"date-time":"2015-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory bulb atrophy is associated with cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and with major depression. It has been suggested that olfactory bulb atrophy or dysfunction is therefore a marker of neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>) is now also recognized as having a significant neurodegenerative component. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate associations between physical and cognitive disability, depression and olfactory bulb volume in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 146 patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> (mean age 49.0 \u00b1 10.9 years, disease duration <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ene12891-note-1002\"\/>21.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.3\u00a0years, median Expanded Disability Status Scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDSS<\/jats:styled-content>) score 3.0 (range 0\u20137.5), 103 relapsing\u2212remitting, 35 secondary progressive and eight primary progressive MS) underwent a standardized neurological examination, comprehensive neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>); data of 27 healthy people served as age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched control subjects. The olfactory bulb was semi\u2010automatically segmented on high\u2010resolution three\u2010dimensional T1\u2010weighted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean olfactory bulb volume was lower in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> patients than healthy controls (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ene12891-note-1002\"\/>183.9\u00a0\u00b1 40.1 vs. 209.2 \u00b1 59.3 \u03bcl; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.018 adjusted to intracranial volume). Olfactory bulb volume was similar across clinical disease subtypes and did not correlate with cognitive performance, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EDSS<\/jats:styled-content> scores or total proton density\/T2 white matter lesion volume. However, in progressive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>, the mean olfactory bulb volume correlated with depression scores (Spearman's rho = \u22120.38, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) confirmed using a multivariate linear regression analysis including cognitive fatigue scores. This association was not observed in relapsing\u2212remitting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Olfactory bulb volume was lower in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content> than in healthy controls. Olfactory bulb volume does not seem to mirror cognitive impairment in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>; however, it is associated with higher depression scores in progressive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,19]],"date-time":"2015-11-19T10:52:39Z","timestamp":1447930359000},"page":"510-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The association between olfactory bulb volume, cognitive dysfunction, physical disability and depression in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"\u00d6.","family":"Yaldizli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Neuroinflammation Queen Square MS Centre NMR Research Unit UCL Institute of Neurology London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.\u2010K.","family":"Penner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cognitive Psychology and Methodology University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Yonekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Neurological Institute Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Naegelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Kuhle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Pardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroinflammation Queen Square MS Centre NMR Research Unit UCL Institute of Neurology London UK"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health University of Genoa Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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