{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T01:08:30Z","timestamp":1793927310844,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"EFNS-EAN"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n Our aim was to update previous European Federation of Neurological Societies guidelines on neurostimulation for neuropathic pain, expanding the search to new techniques and to chronic pain conditions other than neuropathic pain, and assessing the evidence with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (\n GRADE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) system.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of trials published between 2006 and December 2014 was conducted. Pain conditions included neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome (\n CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) type I and post\u2010surgical chronic back and leg pain (\n CBLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Spinal cord stimulation (\n SCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), deep brain stimulation (\n DBS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), epidural motor cortex stimulation (\n MCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (\n rTMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and transcranial direct electrical stimulation (\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) of the primary motor cortex (M1) or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (\n DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) were assessed. The\n GRADE<\/jats:styled-content>\n system was used to assess quality of evidence and propose recommendations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The following recommendations were reached: \u2018weak\u2019 for\n SCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n added to conventional medical management in diabetic painful neuropathy,\n CBLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , for\n SCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n versus reoperation in\n CBLP<\/jats:styled-content>\n , for\n MCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n in neuropathic pain, for\n rTMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n of M1 in neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia and for\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n of M1 in neuropathic pain; \u2018inconclusive\u2019 for\n DBS<\/jats:styled-content>\n in neuropathic pain,\n rTMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n of the\n DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and for motor cortex\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n in fibromyalgia and spinal cord injury pain.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Given the poor to moderate quality of evidence identified by this review, future large\u2010scale multicentre studies of non\u2010invasive and invasive neurostimulation are encouraged. The collection of higher quality evidence of the predictive factors for the efficacy of these techniques, such as the duration, quality and severity of pain, is also recommended.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1470879521000},"page":"1489-1499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["EAN<\/scp>\n guidelines on central neurostimulation therapy in chronic pain conditions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Cruccu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EAN Scientific Panel Pain Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Garcia\u2010Larrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroPain Laboratory INSERM U1028 H\u00f4pital Neurologique and University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EAN Scientific Panel Pain Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pain Management and Research Division of Emergencies and Critical Care Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Keindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine Danube University Krems Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u2010P.","family":"Lefaucheur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA4391 Department of Physiology Henri Mondor Hospital University Paris\u2010Est Cr\u00e9teil France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology University Medical Center G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Research University of Exeter Medical School Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Tronnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital L\u00fcbeck L\u00fcbeck Germany"},{"name":"IASP Special Interest Group on Neuromodulation Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Truini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Attal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EAN Scientific Panel Pain Vienna Austria"},{"name":"INSERM U\u2010987 Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur H\u00f4pital Ambroise Par\u00e9 AP\u2010HP, Boulogne\u2010Billancourt and Universit\u00e9 Versailles\u2010Saint\u2010Quentin Versailles France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01916.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/379"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"HigginsJPT GreenS eds.Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.1.0(updated March 2011). 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