{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:06:41Z","timestamp":1790460401782,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to describe clinical and paraclinical characteristics of all Danish patients who tested positive for anti\u2010voltage\u2010gated potassium channels <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">(VGKC<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010complex, anti\u2010leucine\u2010rich glioma\u2010inactivated 1 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">(LGI<\/jats:styled-content>1) and anti\u2010contactin\u2010associated protein\u20102 antibodies in the serum\/cerebrospinal fluid between 2009 and 2013 with follow\u2010up interviews in 2015 and 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated antibody status, symptoms leading to testing, course of disease, suspected diagnosis and time of admission as well as diagnosis and treatment. All magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography and <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans were re\u2010evaluated by experts in the field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 28\/192 patients tested positive for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VGKC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010complex antibodies by radioimmunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence; 17 had antibodies to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LGI<\/jats:styled-content>1 and 6\/7 of the available cerebrospinal fluids from these patients were seropositive. These 17 patients all had a clinical phenotype appropriate to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LGI<\/jats:styled-content>1 antibodies. The remaining 11 were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LGI<\/jats:styled-content>1 negative (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4) or not tested (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7). Of these, two had a phenotype consistent with limbic encephalitis. The remaining phenotypes were Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome, Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease, neuromyotonia and anti\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate receptor encephalitis. Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were demonstrated in 69% of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LGI<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010positive patients. Two patients with normal magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated temporal lobe hypermetabolism using <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F\u2010fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Abnormal electroencephalography recordings were found in 86% of the patients. Upon follow\u2010up (median 3.2 years), the median modified Rankin Scale score of anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LGI<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010positive patients was 2 and only two patients reported seizures in the past year.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients diagnosed with anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LGI<\/jats:styled-content>1 autoimmune encephalitis increased significantly from 2009 to 2014, probably due to increased awareness. In contrast to seropositive anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VGKC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010complex patients, all anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LGI1<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients presented with a classical limbic encephalitis. The majority of patients recovered well.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T17:16:37Z","timestamp":1495732597000},"page":"999-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Autoimmune encephalitis associated with voltage\u2010gated potassium channels\u2010complex and leucine\u2010rich glioma\u2010inactivated 1 antibodies \u2013 a national cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Celicanin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Blaabjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Roskilde University Hospital Roskilde Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Maersk\u2010Moller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Beniczky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurophysiology Danish Epilepsy Centre Dianalund Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Marner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology Nuclear Medicine &amp; PET Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. W.","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Kondziella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Somnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Autoimmunology Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Illes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9024-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. 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