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These pathophysiological mechanisms have subsequently been exploited for the development of non\u2010invasive brain stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NIBS<\/jats:styled-content>) techniques able to modulate neural activity in one or more nodes of the putative network that is altered in dystonia, and the therapeutic role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NIBS<\/jats:styled-content> has hence been suggested. Here all studies that applied such techniques as a therapeutic intervention in any forms of dystonia, including the few works performed in children, are reviewed and emerging concepts and pitfalls of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NIBS<\/jats:styled-content> are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,7]],"date-time":"2017-08-07T10:56:38Z","timestamp":1502103398000},"page":"1228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Non\u2010invasive brain stimulation for dystonia: therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Erro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEMAND) Department of Medicine Neuroscience Section University of Salerno Salerno Italy"},{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders UCL Institute of Neurology London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Tinazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science University of Verona Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Morgante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Messina Messina Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Clinical Sciences St George's University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. 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