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A recent classification has innovated clinical practice and serves as guidance for clinical assessment: Axis I describes clinical features, whereas Axis II indicates etiology. Dystonia presents with different syndromic aggregations with varied somatic involvement and some common features. There are five recognizable physical signs of dystonia: two main signs (dystonic postures and movements) and three additional signs (<jats:italic>gestes antagonistes<\/jats:italic> or tricks, mirror dystonia and overflow dystonia). There is still no validation of diagnostic criteria for the different dystonia syndromes, and many cases with mild phenomenology remain undiagnosed. Patients with dystonia also present non\u2010motor features that are variably combined with the movement disorder. The features of the most common inherited and acquired dystonia syndromes are reviewed here. There is clear evidence of genetic\u2013environmental interaction in the determinism of dystonia. The diagnostic process is guided by clinical examination and based on specific laboratory examinations. Symptomatic treatments are available for dystonia: botulinum neurotoxin injections are the primary choice for most focal dystonia syndromes; deep brain stimulation is useful in some generalized and non\u2010generalized syndromes. Additional treatment strategies are currently being assessed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T14:20:14Z","timestamp":1532355614000},"page":"5-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Dystonia: diagnosis and management"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Albanese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa di Neurologia IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas Rozzano Milano Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Neurologia Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3691-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Di 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