{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T21:32:30Z","timestamp":1783719150723,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(FP7\/2007\u20102013)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(FP7\/2007\u20102013)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HEALTH\u2010F2\u20102011\u2010278850 (INMiND)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEALTH\u2010F2\u20102011\u2010278850 (INMiND)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFF\u20106166\u201000015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFF\u20106166\u201000015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Marie\u2010Curie\u2010NEUROMODEL (746850)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Marie\u2010Curie\u2010NEUROMODEL (746850)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuroinflammation has been proposed\u00a0as part of\u00a0the pathogenesis of post\u2010concussion\u00a0symptoms (PCS), but the inflammatory response of the human brain to mild\u00a0traumatic brain injury (mTBI) remains unknown. We hypothesized that a neuroinflammatory response\u00a0is present in mTBI at 1\u20132\u00a0weeks post\u2010injury and persists in patients with PCS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We scanned 14 patients with mTBI without signs of structural damage at 1\u20132\u00a0weeks and 3\u20134\u00a0months post\u2010injury and 22 healthy controls\u00a0once\u00a0using the single photon emission computed tomography tracer <jats:sup>123<\/jats:sup>I\u2010CLINDE, which visualizes translocator protein\u00a0(TSPO), a\u00a0protein upregulated in active immune cells. PCS was defined as three or more persisting symptoms from the\u00a0Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms\u00a0Questionnaire\u00a0at 3\u00a0months\u00a0post\u2010injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across brain regions, patients had significantly higher <jats:sup>123<\/jats:sup>I\u2010CLINDE binding to TSPO than healthy controls, both at 1\u20132\u00a0weeks after the injury in all patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011) and at 3\u20134\u00a0months in the seven patients with PCS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006) and in the six patients with good recovery (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.018). When the nine brain regions were tested separately and results were corrected for multiple comparisons, no individual region differed significantly, but all estimated parameters indicated increased <jats:sup>123<\/jats:sup>I\u2010CLINDE\u00a0binding to TSPO,\u00a0ranging from 2% to 19% in all patients at 1\u20132\u00a0weeks, 13% to 27% in patients with PCS at 3\u20134\u00a0months and \u22129% to 17% in patients with good recovery at 3\u20134\u00a0months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuroinflammation\u00a0was present\u00a0in\u00a0mTBI at\u00a01\u20132\u00a0weeks post\u2010injury and persisted at 3\u20134\u00a0months post\u2010injury with a tendency to be most pronounced in patients with PCS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,19]],"date-time":"2019-04-19T10:20:20Z","timestamp":1555669220000},"page":"1426-1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Molecular imaging of neuroinflammation in patients after mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal <sup>123<\/sup>I\u2010CLINDE single photon emission computed tomography study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6626-0276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. E.","family":"Ebert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Ozenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Armand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Svarer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. S.","family":"Stenbaek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neuroanaesthesiology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Dyssegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Steinmetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Center Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. H.","family":"Forchhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. M.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. H.","family":"Pinborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Unit Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.916420"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1713"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4679"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4230"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00056"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.3764"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.183202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52892-6.00009-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.143727"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.31.4.299"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203489437"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-012-0344-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.138101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054163"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fene.13971","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ene.13971","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ene.13971","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ene.13971","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T10:51:17Z","timestamp":1694256677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ene.13971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ene.13971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.13971","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-5101","1468-1331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-5101","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-1331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}