{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:42:08Z","timestamp":1787312528387,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005481","name":"School of Medicine, New York University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005481","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Essential tremor (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and Parkinson's disease (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) sometimes overlap in their clinical expression with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      preceding\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      onset, often leading to misdiagnosis. Transcranial sonography (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) has been shown to be a valid and non\u2010invasive diagnostic tool to identify early idiopathic\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and to differentiate it from\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 138 patients (79 with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , 59 with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and 50 matched controls underwent\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      examination at baseline. All patients were followed in a 3\u2010year longitudinal assessment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 10 subjects were excluded from the analysis due to the bilateral absence of a temporal acoustic window. During the follow\u2010up period, 11 of the patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      developed new\u2010onset parkinsonian features, without fulfilling criteria for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      diagnosis (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      +). Nine patients developed clinical features meeting diagnostic criteria for probable\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ). Patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2212 did not develop parkinsonian features. For each group, the maximum size of the substantia nigra hyperechogenicity was as follows: 5.62\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.40\u00a0mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in the control group, 19.02\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.27\u00a0mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , 9.15\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.26\u00a0mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2212, 20.05\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.78\u00a0mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      + and 20.13\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.51\u00a0mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      maximum values were significantly different from controls. Maximum values in patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      + were different from both controls and patients with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2212.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ET<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      seems to represent a risk marker for developing early parkinsonian symptoms or signs in the 3\u00a0years following\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      assessment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T03:54:03Z","timestamp":1557978843000},"page":"1370-1376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in essential tremor and Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Cardaioli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ripandelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Paolini Paoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Simoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Brahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8009-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Romoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Filidei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Eusebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Calabresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Tambasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12256"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22161"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.8.1100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70239-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70067-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. 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