{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:11:58Z","timestamp":1790237518855,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003197","name":"Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC1812C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC1812C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose <\/jats:title><jats:p>Autoimmune encephalitides (AE) include a spectrum of neurological disorders whose diagnosis revolves around the detection of neuronal antibodies (Abs). Consensus\u2010based diagnostic criteria (AE\u2010DC) allow clinic\u2010serological subgrouping of AE, with unclear prognostic implications. The impact of AE\u2010DC on patients\u2019 management was studied, focusing on the subgroup\u00a0of\u00a0Ab\u2010negative\u2010AE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective multicenter study on patients fulfilling AE\u2010DC. All patients underwent Ab testing with commercial cell\u2010based assays (CBAs) and, when available, in\u2010house assays (immunohistochemistry, live\/fixed CBAs, neuronal cultures) that contributed to defining final categories. Patients were classified as Ab\u2010positive\u2010AE [<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010aspartate\u2010receptor encephalitis (NMDAR\u2010E), Ab\u2010positive limbic encephalitis (LE), definite\u2010AE] or Ab\u2010negative\u2010AE (Ab\u2010negative\u2010LE, probable\u2010AE, possible\u2010AE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Commercial CBAs detected neuronal Abs in 70\/118 (59.3%) patients. Testing 37\/48 Ab\u2010negative cases, in\u2010house assays identified Abs in 11 patients (29.7%). A hundred and eighteen patients fulfilled the AE\u2010DC, 81 (68.6%) with Ab\u2010positive\u2010AE (Ab\u2010positive\u2010LE, 40; NMDAR\u2010E, 32; definite\u2010AE, nine) and 37 (31.4%) with Ab\u2010negative\u2010AE (Ab\u2010negative\u2010LE, 17; probable\/possible\u2010AE, 20). Clinical phenotypes were similar in Ab\u2010positive\u2010LE versus Ab\u2010negative\u2010LE. Twenty\u2010four\/118 (20.3%) patients had tumors, and 19\/118 (16.1%) relapsed, regardless of being Ab\u2010positive or Ab\u2010negative. Ab\u2010positive\u2010AE patients were treated earlier than Ab\u2010negative\u2010AE patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.045), responded more frequently to treatments (92.3% vs. 65.6%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and received second\u2010line therapies more often (33.3% vs. 10.8%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01). Delays in first\u2010line therapy initiation were associated with poor response (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022; odds ratio 1.02; confidence interval 1.00\u20131.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In\u2010house diagnostics improved Ab detection allowing better patient management but was available in a patient subgroup only, implying possible Ab\u2010positive\u2010AE underestimation. Notwithstanding this limitation, our findings suggest that Ab\u2010negative\u2010AE and Ab\u2010positive\u2010AE patients share similar oncological profiles, warranting appropriate tumor screening. Ab\u2010negative\u2010AE patients risk worse responses due to delayed and less aggressive treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T05:20:09Z","timestamp":1575868809000},"page":"633-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Subgroup comparison according to clinical phenotype and serostatus in autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2288-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Gastaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Laboratory IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Mariotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2208-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. P.","family":"Giannoccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy"},{"name":"UOC Clinica Neurologica IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Iorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Neurologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u2019Agostino Gemelli\u2019 IRCCS Rome Italy"},{"name":"Universita\u2019 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Zoccarato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale S. Antonio AULSS Euganea Padua Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Paediatric Research Institute \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Nosadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Paediatric Research Institute \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d Padua Italy"},{"name":"Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health University Hospital of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-9727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Casagrande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Department Florence University Italy"},{"name":"Careggi University Hospital Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2645-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Di Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital Perugia University Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Valeriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale \u2018Citt\u00e0\u2010di\u2010Castello\u2010e\u2010Branca\u2019 Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Bova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Unit ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Children Hospital Vittore Buzzi Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Arbasino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale Civile Voghera Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mauri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Stroke Unit Insubria University Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Versino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Stroke Unit Insubria University Varese Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Vigevano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Papetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children Hospital Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8009-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Romoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital Perugia University Perugia Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Unit Rimini \u201cInfermi\u201d Hospital - AUSL Romagna Rimini Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3527-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Lapucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Massa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico S. Martino Genoa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Paediatric Research Institute \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d Padua Italy"},{"name":"Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health University Hospital of Padua Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Zuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Paediatric Research Institute \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d Padua Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Department Ospedale S. Bortolo Vicenza Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Barilaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Careggi University Hospital Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"De Gaspari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Group Paediatric Research Institute \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Speranza\u201d Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Spagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universita\u2019 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Evoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Neurologia Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u2019Agostino Gemelli\u2019 IRCCS Rome Italy"},{"name":"Universita\u2019 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Liguori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences University of Bologna Bologna Italy"},{"name":"UOC Clinica Neurologica IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna Bologna Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences University of Verona Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Marchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroncology Unit IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Giometto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APSS Ospedale S. Chiara Trento Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Massacesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Department Florence University Italy"},{"name":"Careggi University Hospital Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Franciotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunology Laboratory IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.034447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000325917.48466.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1431124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8749-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-017-0974-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.5.604"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70253-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12411"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03930-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2012.03.004","article-title":"Anti\u2010NMDA receptor encephalitis: the importance of early diagnosis and aggressive immunotherapy in tumor negative pediatric patients","volume":"16","author":"Kurian M","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70310-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13661"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000352"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fene.14139","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ene.14139","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ene.14139","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ene.14139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T20:35:24Z","timestamp":1693859724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ene.14139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ene.14139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14139","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-5101","1468-1331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-5101","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-1331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}