{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:53:25Z","timestamp":1787064805012,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":266,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bradykinesia is one of the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, clinical and experimental studies indicate that bradykinesia may also be observed in various neurological diseases not primarily characterized by parkinsonism. These conditions include hyperkinetic movement disorders, such as dystonia, chorea, and essential tremor. Bradykinesia may also be observed in patients with neurological conditions that are not seen as \"movement disorders,\" including those characterized by the involvement of the cerebellum and corticospinal system, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed clinical reports and experimental studies on bradykinesia in non\u2010parkinsonian conditions and discussed the major findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bradykinesia is a common motor abnormality in non\u2010parkinsonian conditions. From a pathophysiological standpoint, bradykinesia in neurological conditions not primarily characterized by parkinsonism may be explained by brain network dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In addition to the pathophysiological implications, the present paper highlights important terminological issues and the need for a new, more accurate, and more widely used definition of bradykinesia in the context of movement disorders and other neurological conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T06:18:24Z","timestamp":1617257904000},"page":"2403-2422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Emerging concepts on bradykinesia in non\u2010parkinsonian conditions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Paparella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3598-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Berardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0165-0833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bologna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza University of Rome Rome 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