{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:14:19Z","timestamp":1790777659974,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>A reduction of retinal thickness and an alteration of retinal perfusion have been found in Alzheimer disease (AD). Nowadays, retinal layers and retinal perfusion can be evaluated by means of noninvasive imaging techniques, namely, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT\u2010angiography (OCT\u2010A). Here, we have compared the retinal thickness and the perfusion index, measured by means of OCT and OCT\u2010A, in patients with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI\u2010AD) and in age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched cognitively healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four MCI\u2010AD patients and 13 control subjects were enrolled. MCI\u2010AD patients underwent lumbar puncture; all of them showed a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile compatible with AD. OCT was used for evaluating retinal volumes and thicknesses, whereas with OCT\u2010A we measured fractal dimension (FD), vascular perfusion density (VPD), and vessel length density (VLD) of superficial capillary plexus (SCP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris. The comparisons between groups were made after adjustment for age, diabetes, and hypertension.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant reduction of SCP\u2010VLD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.012), ICP\u2010VPD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.015), ICP\u2010VLD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004), DCP\u2010VPD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.012), and DCP\u2010VLD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.009) was found in MCI\u2010AD patients compared to controls. Conversely, FD was higher in MCI\u2010AD than in controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.044). CSF A\u03b242\/total tau negatively correlated with FD (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.51, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.010).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>OCT\u2010A might have a potential role in detecting new noninvasive biomarkers for early AD detection. Retinal VPD might identify amyloid angiopathy\u2010related chronic injury, and FD could show early vessel recruitment as a compensative mechanism at disease onset. Further studies will be needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T06:13:56Z","timestamp":1618467236000},"page":"2185-2191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Novel noninvasive biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer disease: The role of optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography\u2013angiography"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2878-9432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Biscetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Lupidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Ophthalmology Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Perugia Perugia Italy"},{"name":"Macula Onlus Foundation Di.N.O.G.Mi. 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