{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:07:33Z","timestamp":1774645653824,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PQ304388\/2017\u20103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PQ304388\/2017\u20103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Damage to the insula results in cardiovascular complications. In rats, activation of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyl\u2010<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\u2010aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the intermediate region of the posterior insular cortex (iIC) results in sympathoexcitation, tachycardia and arterial pressure increases. Similarly, focal experimental hemorrhage at the iIC results in a marked sympathetic\u2010mediated increase in baseline heart rate. The dorsomedial hypothalamic region (DMH) is critical for the integration of sympathetic\u2010mediated tachycardic responses. Here, whether responses evoked from the iIC are dependent on a synaptic relay in the DMH was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wistar rats were prepared for injections into the iIC and DMH. Anatomical (tracing combined with immunofluorescence) and functional experiments (cardiovascular and sympathetic recordings) were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The iIC sends dense projections to the DMH. Approximately 50% of iIC neurons projecting to the DMH express NMDARs, NR1 subunit. Blockade of glutamatergic receptors in the DMH abolishes the cardiovascular and autonomic responses evoked by the activation of NMDARs in the iIC (change in mean arterial pressure 7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01 vs. 1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01 mmHg after DMH blockade; change in heart rate 28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03 vs. 0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03 bpm after DMH blockade; change in renal sympathetic nerve activity 23% \u00b1 1% vs. \u22121%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04% after DMH blockade). Experimental hemorrhage at the iIC resulted in a marked tachycardia (change 89\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014\u00a0bpm) that was attenuated by 65% \u00b1 5% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0009) after glutamatergic blockade at the DMH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The iIC\u2010induced tachycardia is largely dependent upon a glutamatergic relay in the DMH. Our study reveals the presence of an excitatory glutamatergic pathway from the iIC to the DMH that may be involved in the cardiovascular alterations observed after insular stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T10:08:37Z","timestamp":1624270117000},"page":"3640-3649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Tachycardia evoked from insular stroke in rats is dependent on glutamatergic neurotransmission in the dorsomedial hypothalamus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Fernanda Ribeiro","family":"Marins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 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