{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:53:18Z","timestamp":1791899598187,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the hygiene hypothesis, infections by agents such as parasites have a protective role against the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). Among parasites, <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, an intracellular parasite, showed evidence of a protective effect. This study was undertaken to summarize the available evidence on the association between <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection and MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review of all the available articles published up to November 2020\u00a0has been conducted independently by two investigators in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Lissa, and SciELO. The association between <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection and MS has been pooled with a random effects model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 562 articles, seven were included in the systematic review and meta\u2010analysis for a global population of 752\u00a0MS cases and 1282 controls. <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection was associated with MS with a pooled odds ratio of 0.68 (95% confidence interval = 0.50\u20130.93).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The available evidence supports the hypothesis that <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> infection represents a protective factor against the development of MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T01:32:08Z","timestamp":1628559128000},"page":"4251-4257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8647-8851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calogero Edoardo","family":"Cicero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosciences Department of Medical, Surgical, and Advanced Technologies G. F. Ingrassia University of Catania Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Elsa","family":"Allibrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosciences Department of Medical, Surgical, and Advanced Technologies G. F. Ingrassia University of Catania Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2512-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loretta","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosciences Department of Medical, Surgical, and Advanced Technologies G. F. Ingrassia University of Catania Catania Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5990-7534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, U1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology GEIST, INSERM, University of Limoges Limoges University Hospital Center Limoges France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre\u2010Marie","family":"Preux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRD, U1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology GEIST, INSERM, University of Limoges Limoges University Hospital Center Limoges France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6757-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosciences Department of Medical, Surgical, and Advanced Technologies G. 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