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Nevertheless, whether the omega\u20103 LCPUFA regulate the monocytes and their cytokines in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether circulating pro\u2010inflammatory monocytes are increased and whether omega\u20103 LCPUFA selectively suppress these monocytes and their cytokines in patients with DMD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a double\u2010blind, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled pilot study carried out in patients with DMD supplemented with omega\u20103 LCPUFA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) or sunflower oils (placebo, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) for 6\u00a0months. Monocytes and their cytokines were measured at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, and 6\u00a0months of supplementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anti\u2010inflammatory monocytes (median, [95% CI]) are increased at month 3 (\u22120.46 [\u221213.5\u20139.5] vs. 8.4 [5.5\u201312.5], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05) in the omega\u20103 LCPUFA group compared with the placebo group. The pro\u2010inflammatory monocytes (\u22125.7 [\u221263.8\u2013114.1] vs. \u221251.9 [\u221291.2 to \u221225.4], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.026 and \u221216.4 [\u221250.8\u201350.6] vs. \u221257.9 [\u221286.9 to \u221218.5], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.045 at months 3 and 6, respectively) and their cytokine interleukin 6 (\u221211.9 [\u221293.5\u2013148.9] vs. \u221264.7 [\u221277.8 to \u221242.6], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.019 at month 6) decreased in the omega\u20103 LCPUFA group compared with the placebo group. Pro\u2010inflammatory monocytes decreased and anti\u2010inflammatory monocytes were augmented (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) during the 6\u00a0months of supplementation with omega\u20103 LCPUFA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This pilot study suggests that supplementation with omega\u20103 LCPUFA could have a selective reductive effect on pro\u2010inflammatory monocytes and their cytokines in patients with DMD. These findings also support the performance of studies in a significant population to explore the role of omega\u20103 LCPUFA on monocyte populations and their cytokines in patients with DMD. This research was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT018264229).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T13:22:10Z","timestamp":1636982530000},"page":"855-864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pro\u2010inflammatory monocytes are increased in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and suppressed with omega\u20103 fatty acids: A double\u2010blind, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Marco A.","family":"Villaldama\u2010Soriano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Molecular Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Nutrici\u00f3n Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (CDMX) M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8496-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maricela","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Molecular Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Nutrici\u00f3n Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (CDMX) M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sthephanie Y.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010De la Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Molecular Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Nutrici\u00f3n Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (CDMX) M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Almeida\u2010Becerril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Nutrici\u00f3n Molecular Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Nutrici\u00f3n Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (CDMX) M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"C\u00e1rdenas\u2010Conejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica M\u00e9dica Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI IMSS Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (CDMX) M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Wong\u2010Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biomembranas Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica. 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