{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:49:25Z","timestamp":1787014165350,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102021R1F1A1061527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102021R1F1A1061527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trochlear palsy is the most common cause of vertical diplopia. The etiologies of trochlear palsy have shown a large discrepancy among studies. This study aimed to establish the clinical features and underlying etiologies of isolated trochlear palsy by recruiting the patients from all departments in a referral\u2010based university hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed the medical records of 1258 patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of isolated trochlear palsy at all departments of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea, from 2003 to 2020. We also compared the proportion of etiologies with that of the patients pooled from previous studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most common etiology was congenital (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009330, 32.4%), followed by idiopathic (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009256, 25.1%), microvascular (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009212, 20.8%), and traumatic (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009145, 14.2%). These four etiologies explained 92.5% of isolated trochlear palsy. Patients were mostly managed by ophthalmologists (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009841, 82.5%), followed by neurologists (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009380, 37.3%), emergency physicians (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u2009197, 19.3%), neurosurgeons (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u200975, 7.4%), and others (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u200918, 1.8%). The etiologic distribution of isolated trochlear palsy in the current study did not differ from that of 2664 patients pooled from the previous studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proportion of etiologies of isolated trochlear palsy differs according to the age ranges of the patients and specialties involved in the management. The etiologic distribution of isolated trochlear palsy in the current study was comparable to the pooled result of previous reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T04:49:26Z","timestamp":1662094166000},"page":"3658-3665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Etiologic distribution of isolated trochlear palsy: Analysis of 1020 patients and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3508-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun\u2010Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Chungbuk National University Hospital  Cheongju South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Neurology Graduate School of Ajou University  Suwon South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2027-6341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo\u2010Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Administration Team Seoul National University Bundang Hospital  Seongnam South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2159-9967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong\u2010Yoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology Seoul National University Bundang Hospital  Seongnam South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1140-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Kyung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seongnam South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0837-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong\u2010Min","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seongnam South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1508-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u2010Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology Seoul National University Bundang Hospital  Seongnam South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Seoul National University College of Medicine  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050240045037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0749-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.12.2439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0b013e31829fbab4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01374-0"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"893","article-title":"The evaluation and treatment of superior oblique muscle palsy","volume":"81","author":"Mittelman D","year":"1976","journal-title":"Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Analysis of trochlear nerve palsies. 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