{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T10:49:18Z","timestamp":1776941358730,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the central nervous system, a multitude of changes have been described associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection, such as microglial activation, perivascular lymphocyte cuffing, hypoxic\u2010ischaemic changes, microthrombosis, infarcts or haemorrhages. It was sought here to assess the vascular basement membranes (vBMs) and surrounding perivascular astrocytes for any morphological changes in acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID\u201019) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The light microscopy morphology of the vBMs and perivascular astrocytes from brains of 14 patients with confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection was analysed and compared to four control patients utilizing fluorescent immunohistochemistry for collagen IV and astrocytes (GFAP), endothelia (CD31), tight junction 1 (TJ1) adhesion protein, as well as the aquaporin 4 (AQP4) water channel. On 2D and 3D deconvoluted images from the cortex and white matter, vessel densities, diameters, degree of gliosis, collagen IV\/GFAP and GFAP\/AQP4 colocalizations were calculated, as well as the fractal dimension of astrocytes and vBMs viewed in tangential planes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fractal dimension analysis of the GFAP\u2010stained astrocytes revealed lower branching complexities and decreased GFAP\/collagen IV colocalization for COVID\u201019 patients. Interestingly, vBMs showed significantly increased irregularities (fractal dimension values) compared to controls. Vessel diameters were increased in COVID\u201019 cases, especially for the white matter, TJ1 protein decreased its colocalization with the endothelia, and AQP4 reduced its co\u2010expression in astrocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data on the irregularity of the basement membranes, loss of endothelial tight junction, reduction of the astrocyte end\u2010feet and decrease of AQP4 suggest subtle morphological changes of the blood\u2013brain barrier in COVID\u201019 brains that could be linked with indirect inflammatory signalling or hypoxia\/hypercapnia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T05:46:10Z","timestamp":1662183970000},"page":"3676-3692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Subtle vascular and astrocytic changes in the brain of coronavirus 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