{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:33:32Z","timestamp":1791484412440,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 2019 and 2022, there was a marked rise in adolescents\/young adults seeking urgent help for functional tic\u2010like behaviours (FTLBs). Given the global scale of this phenomenon, we aimed to pool cases from different institutions in an international registry to better characterize this spectrum and facilitate future longitudinal observation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An international collaborative group from 10 tertiary referral centres for tic disorders collected retrospective data on FTLB patients who sought specialists' attention between the last quarter of 2019 and June 2022. An audit procedure was used for collection of data, which comprised demographics, course of presentation and duration, precipitating and predisposing factors, phenomenology, comorbidities, and pharmacological treatment outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the study period, we collected data on 294 patients with FTLBs, 97% of whom were adolescents and young adults and 87% of whom were female. FTLBs were found to have a peak of severity within 1\u00a0month in 70% of patients, with spontaneous remissions in 20%, and a very high frequency of complex movements (85%) and vocalizations (81%). Less than one\u2010fifth of patients had pre\u2010existing primary tic disorder, 66% had comorbid anxiety disorders, 28% comorbid depressive disorders, 24% autism spectrum disorder and 23% attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Almost 60% explicitly reported exposure to tic\u2010related social media content. The vast majority of pharmacologically treated patients did not report benefit with tic\u2010suppressing medications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data from the largest multicentre registry of FTLBs to date confirm substantial clinical differences from primary tic disorders. Social modelling was the most relevant contributing factor during the pandemic. Future longitudinal analyses from this database may help understand treatment approaches and responsiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T16:19:05Z","timestamp":1666714745000},"page":"334-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["The spectrum of functional tic\u2010like behaviours: Data from an international registry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta 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H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Sorbonne University  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Bethesda Children's Hospital  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Anheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology department, Strasbourg University Hospital and Strasbourg Federation of Translational Medicine (FMTS) Strasbourg University  Strasbourg France"},{"name":"INSERM\u2010U964; CNRS\u2010UMR7104 University of Strasbourg, Illkirch\u2010Graffenstaden  Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamsin","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TANDeM (Tics and Neurodevelopmental Movement Disorders Service) Department of Children's Neurosciences, Evelina London Children's 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