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Using pre\u2010defined criteria, cases were classified as mild, moderate or severe tick\u2010borne encephalitis. Additionally, the presence of spinal nerve paralysis (myelitis) and\/or cranial nerve affection were noted. Concentrations of the brain cell biomarkers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), YKL\u201040, S100B, neurogranin, neurofilament light (NfL) and tau were analysed in CSF and, in addition, NfL, GFAP and S100B levels were measured in serum. The Jonckheere\u2010Terpstra test was used for group comparisons of continuous variables and Spearman's partial correlation test was used to adjust for age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid and serum concentrations of GFAP and NfL correlated with disease severity, independent of age, and with the presence of nerve paralysis. The markers neurogranin, YKL\u201040, tau and S100B in CSF and S100B in serum were detected, but their concentrations did not correlate with disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuronal cell damage and astroglial cell activation with increased NfL and GFAP in CSF and serum were associated with a more severe disease, independent of age. Increased GFAP and NfL concentrations in CSF and NfL in serum were also indicative of spinal and\/or cranial nerve damage. NfL and GFAP are promising prognostic biomarkers in tick\u2010borne encephalitis, and future studies should focus on determining the association between these biomarkers and long\u2010term sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:59:01Z","timestamp":1689037141000},"page":"3182-3189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Serum and cerebrospinal fluid brain damage markers neurofilament light and glial fibrillary acidic protein correlate with tick\u2010borne encephalitis disease severity\u2014a multicentre study on Lithuanian and Swedish patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5487-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Veje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Department 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