{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:06:00Z","timestamp":1792015560598,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnosis of sleep\u2013wake disorders (SWDs) is challenging because of the existence of only few accurate biomarkers and the frequent coexistence of multiple SWDs and\/or other comorbidities. The aim of this study was to assess in a large cohort of well\u2010characterized SWD patients the potential of a data\u2010driven approach for the identification of SWDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 6958 patients from the Bernese Sleep Registry and 300 variables\/biomarkers including questionnaires, results of polysomnography\/vigilance tests, and final clinical diagnoses. A pipeline, based on machine learning, was created to extract and cluster the clinical data. Our analysis was performed on three cohorts: patients with central disorders of hypersomnolence (CDHs), a full cohort of patients with SWDs, and a clean cohort without coexisting SWDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A first analysis focused on the cohort of patients with CDHs and revealed four patient clusters: two clusters for narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) but not for narcolepsy type 2 or idiopathic hypersomnia. In the full cohort of SWDs, nine clusters were found: four contained patients with obstructive and central sleep apnea syndrome, one with NT1, and four with intermixed SWDs. In the cohort of patients without coexisting SWDs, an additional cluster of patients with chronic insomnia disorder was identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study confirms the existence of clear clusters of NT1 in CDHs, but mainly intermixed groups in the full spectrum of SWDs, with the exception of sleep apnea syndromes and NT1. New biomarkers are needed for better phenotyping and diagnosis of SWDs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T18:04:36Z","timestamp":1690999476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Disentangling the complex landscape of sleep\u2013wake disorders with data\u2010driven phenotyping: A study of the Bernese center"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence M.","family":"Aellen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Van\u00a0der\u00a0Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8949-0645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anelia","family":"Dietmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio L. 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