{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:50:22Z","timestamp":1791823822357,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/V007173\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V007173\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104079\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104079\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000374","name":"British Medical Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000295","name":"Epilepsy Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000295","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite it being an immunotherapy\u2010responsive neurological syndrome, patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) frequently exhibit residual neurobehavioural features. Here, we report criminal behaviours as a serious and novel postencephalitic association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 301 AE patients. Five of who committed crimes underwent direct assessments and records review alongside autoantibody studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five of 301 patients (1.7%) with AE exhibited criminal behaviours, which included viewing child pornography (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093), repeated shoplifting, and conspiracy to commit murder. All five were adult males, with LGI1 autoantibodies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093), CASPR2 autoantibodies, or seronegative AE. None had evidence of premorbid antisocial personality traits or psychiatric disorders. Criminal behaviours began a median of 18\u2009months (range\u2009=\u200915\u2009months\u201312\u2009years) after encephalitis onset. At the time of crimes, two patients were immunotherapy\u2010na\u00efve, three had been administered late immunotherapies (at 5\u2009weeks\u20134\u2009months), many neurobehavioural features persisted, and new obsessive behaviours had appeared. However, cognition, seizure, and disability measures had improved, alongside reduced autoantibody levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Criminal behaviours are a rare, novel, and stigmatizing residual neurobehavioural phenotype in AE, with significant social and legal implications. With caution towards overattribution, we suggest they occur as part of a postencephalitis limbic neurobehavioural syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T12:46:40Z","timestamp":1704718000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Criminality in patients with autoimmune encephalitis: A case series"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Sophia","family":"Michael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford University Hospitals  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Varley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford University Hospitals  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9505-9563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Neurosciences Mayo Clinic  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Bajorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford University Hospitals  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ava","family":"Easton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Encephalitis Society  Malton UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology, and Immunology University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarosh R.","family":"Irani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford University Hospitals  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Departments of Neurology and Neurosciences Mayo Clinic  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09590-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx323"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(12)70310-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000005605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2020.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-022-00720-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"National Statistics: Women and the Criminal Justice System.Ministry of Justice.2021. 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