{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:17:56Z","timestamp":1793319476142,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent US proposals suggest defining Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on \u03b2\u2010amyloidosis alone. This sparked debates that echoed historical ones about the significance of brain lesions and clinical phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review covers debates on AD nosology through three key periods: AD's discovery in German\u2010speaking countries in the early 20th century, its redefinition in Anglo\u2010Saxon countries in the 1960s\u20131980s, and current debates on the biological or clinicobiological definitions of AD. Key players' opinions are focused on.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At the beginning of the 20th century, AD was defined as a clinicopathological entity. Debates arose around the pathological anchor, which included extended neurofibrillary tangles versus neuritic plaques (Alzheimer vs. Fischer) and its association with senile dementia (Kraepelin). In the 1960s\u20131980s, the debate shifted towards whether AD could be diagnosed using qualitative or quantitative neuropathological features and whether it was a unique process (Terry and Katzman) or had subtypes (Roth). The current definition proposed by the US Alzheimer's Association is based purely on biological \u03b2\u2010amyloid abnormalities and represents a double break: from the historical clinicopathological definition of AD and from the historical emphasis on tau or combined tau and \u03b2\u2010amyloid high levels of pathology. Conversely, the clinicobiological proposal of the International Working Group remains aligned with historical concepts of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This historical perspective illustrates the unresolved questions surrounding AD pathogenesis, role of lesions, and the clinical phenotype, especially for sporadic cases. The intense nosological debates throughout the history of AD also illustrate the diversity of theoretical frameworks for defining disease in medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T05:01:15Z","timestamp":1713157275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["What is Alzheimer's disease? An analysis of nosological perspectives from the 20th and 21st centuries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7429-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Villain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7225, Institut du Cerveau\u2013ICM  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, AP\u2010HP Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Michalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales  Paris France"},{"name":"CAK\u2010CRHST \u2013 Centre Alexandre Koyr\u00e9 \u2013 Centre de Recherche en Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-2667(21)00249-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"JackCRJ AA Workgroup Members.Revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Association Workgroup.2023https:\/\/alz.org\/media\/Documents\/scientific\u2010conferences\/Clinical\u2010Criteria\u2010for\u2010Staging\u2010and\u2010Diagnosis\u2010for\u2010Public\u2010Comment\u2010Draft\u20102.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(21)00066-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"Sur les l\u00e9sions et la pathog\u00e9nie de l'\u00e9pilepsie dite essentielle","volume":"12","author":"Blocq P","year":"1892","journal-title":"La Sem M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"208","article-title":"Ueber miliare Sklerose der Hirnrinde bei seniler Atrophie","volume":"17","author":"Redlich E","year":"1898","journal-title":"Jahrb\u00fccher f\u00fcr Psychiatr Und Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000211873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","volume-title":"Grundriss Der Psychiatrie in Klinischen Vorlesungen","author":"Wernicke C","year":"1906"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"\u00dcber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde","volume":"64","author":"Alzheimer A","year":"1907","journal-title":"Allg Zeitschrift Fur Psychiatr Und Psych Medizin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Di speciali reperti in un caso di probabile sifilide cerebrale","author":"Bonfiglio F","year":"1908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Histologische Und Histopathologische Arbeiten \u00dcber Die Grosshirnrinde","author":"Perusini G","year":"1910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Psychiatrie. 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