{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:29:34Z","timestamp":1791221374043,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\u201000195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\u201000195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det om H\u00e4lsa, Arbetsliv och V\u00e4lf\u00e4rd","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\u201000687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u201000687"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003792","name":"Hj\u00e4rnfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FO2020\u20100077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FO2020\u20100077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\u201002419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\u201002419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\u201002349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\u201002349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\u201001998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\u201001998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["521\u20102012\u20102917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["521\u20102012\u20102917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Hereditary susceptibility and environmental factors contribute to disease risk. Infection with Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6A (HHV\u20106A) have previously been associated with MS risk. Other neurotropic viruses, such as rubella virus (RV), are possible candidates in MS aetiopathogenesis, but previous results are limited and conflicting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this nested case\u2013control study of biobank samples in a Swedish cohort, we analysed the serological response towards RV before the clinical onset of MS with a bead\u2010based multiplex assay in subjects vaccinated and unvaccinated towards RV. The association between RV seropositivity and MS risk was analysed with conditional logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seropositivity towards RV was associated with an increased risk of MS for unvaccinated subjects, even when adjusting for plausible confounders including EBV, HHV\u20106A, cytomegalovirus and vitamin D (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u2009=\u20094.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8\u20138.8). Cases also had stronger antibody reactivity towards rubella than controls, which was not seen for other neurotropic viruses such as herpes simplex or varicella zoster. Furthermore, we observed an association between RV seropositivity and MS in vaccinated subjects. However, this association was not significant when adjusting for the aforementioned confounders (AOR\u2009=\u20091.7, 95% CI 1.0\u20132.9).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>To our knowledge, these are the first reported associations between early RV seropositivity and later MS development. This suggests a broadening of the virus hypothesis in MS aetiology, where molecular mimicry between rubella epitopes and human central nervous system molecules could be an attractive possible mechanism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T10:41:42Z","timestamp":1721299302000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rubella virus seropositivity after infection or vaccination as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4261-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Ingvarsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5415-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Grut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3994-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bistr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linn Persson","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pernilla","family":"Stridh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hillert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Alfredsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Kockum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine Karolinska University Hospital  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Waterboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences Ume\u00e5 University  Ume\u00e5 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64076-5.00046-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202106150"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00718-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAV7188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0228883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAUT.2015.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217319892291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ENE.14597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.ABJ8222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/AWAD374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ENE.14961"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00415-016-8360-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02691-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/EDRV-14-1-107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/CLINIDS\/7.SUPPLEMENT_1.S170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000150543"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2016.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.57.3.893-898.1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05398-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/HSZ-2018-0271\/PDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JNR.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Immunization coverage. Accessed September 22 2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/immunization\u2010coverage"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00068-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.295.6608.1264"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten.Vaccinationsprogram F\u00f6r Barn\u2014En Kunskaps\u00f6versikt F\u00f6r H\u00e4lsov\u00e5rdspersonal.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.VACCINE.2009.10.130"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0B013E3181B59C40"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10654-013-9853-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YMETH.2019.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0209379"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/BIOINFORMATICS\/BTR061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142905.HG0210S56"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/109.2.325"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000026167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000080094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S10654-009-9367-2\/TABLES\/9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/AWH283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.80-94.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/V11080762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAUT.2019.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800004672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ANA.21117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90009-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2017.01865\/FULL"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2019.01883\/BIBTEX"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.1902623116\/-\/DCSUPPLEMENTAL"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ene.16387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T06:14:11Z","timestamp":1726899251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ene.16387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ene.16387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.16387","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1351-5101","1468-1331"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1351-5101","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-1331","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e16387"}}