{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:04:43Z","timestamp":1791857083032,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visual snow (VS) and visual snow syndrome (VSS) are becoming increasingly recognized. However, their prevalence worldwide is unknown. This study aimed to investigate lifetime prevalence and describe the clinical characteristics of VS and VSS in a representative population sample from Italy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among students attending different faculties in three universities in the central and southern regions of Italy. Eligible participants completed a self\u2010administered questionnaire. In patients fulfilling possible criteria for VS\/VSS, the diagnosis was validated by an on\u2010site visit conducted by experienced neurologists and neuro\u2010ophthalmologists that included optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 750 participants completed the study. Seven (0.9%) reported symptoms compatible with VS (mean age 24.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.85\u2009years). Among the seven patients, five (0.7%) also met the phenomenological and temporal criteria for VSS. Neuroimaging and ophthalmological examinations showed normal results upon review or during the on\u2010site visit including OCTA. For the five patients with full VSS, the other visual symptoms reported were enhanced entoptic phenomenon (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095), photophobia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095), palinopsia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), and nyctalopia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094). In four of the seven patients (57%) reporting VS symptoms, there was a concomitant diagnosis of migraine with aura, and in one (14%) migraine without aura. All patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097) reported tinnitus. Six of the seven (85.7%) patients with VS\/VSS had never used specific treatments for the condition. None of the seven patients had received a previous diagnosis of VS\/VSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence in Italy of VSS is around 1%. However, there is a limited tendency for affected individuals to seek medical attention, leading to a low rate of diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T01:59:54Z","timestamp":1727229594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence and characteristics of visual snow syndrome in a cohort of young Italian adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-3141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Romozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Neurologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Trigila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Tosto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cGiovanni Paolo II\u201d Hospital  Lamezia Terme Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cuffaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oculistica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Azor\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega  Valladolid Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Toxicology and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine University of Valladolid  Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi Francesco","family":"Iannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences University of Florence  Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Romozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia  Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Savino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oculistica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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Gemelli IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Puledda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Group, Wolfson SPaRRC, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catello","family":"Vollono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Universitario di Neuroscienze Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Neurologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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