{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:43:29Z","timestamp":1767908609858,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008792","name":"Novartis Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MBAF312A_FVTD008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MBAF312A_FVTD008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) is common and is associated with problems in employment, driving ability, and quality of life. Since cognitive impairment at time of diagnosis is predictive of disability progression, early assessment and annual monitoring is recommended. The Brief International Cognitive Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) was introduced as a time\u2010efficient screening tool that can easily be applied in standard clinical care. However, besides application, tests need to be analysed and the raw values obtained must be interpreted accordingly. Since normative values have not been available for German\u2010speaking countries, BICAMS has not been implemented in clinical routine. The aim of this study was to calculate German normative BICAMS data to improve the current diagnostic process for people with MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy control subjects in different age categories were recruited to enable regression\u2010based norm analysis. Raw scores for each BICAMS test were converted into scaled scores before they were regressed for age, age squared, gender, and education. The obtained scores were then normalised to a <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score by dividing the difference between the scaled score and the predicted score by the root mean squared error of the model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In all, 237 HCs were recruited (68.8% female, 31.2% male) and examined with BICAMS. Datasets entered the regression\u2010based norms analysis and formed the basis for a final <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score calculation. To simplify handling in everyday clinical practice, nomograms and look\u2010up tables were created which provide clinicians with age\u2010 and education\u2010corrected norms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our work fills the gaps between BICAMS application, evaluation and interpretation and will make a significant contribution to more regular cognitive assessment of MS patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T07:45:28Z","timestamp":1737359128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Brief International Cognitive Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (<scp>BICAMS<\/scp>): Regression\u2010based norms for German\u2010speaking countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6746-1034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. 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