{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T03:17:14Z","timestamp":1783826234721,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hyperreflective retinal foci (HRF) visualized by optical coherence tomography (OCT) potentially represent clusters of microglia. We compared HRF frequencies and their association with retinal neurodegeneration between people with clinically isolated syndrome (pwCIS), multiple sclerosis (pwMS), aquaporin 4\u2010IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (pwNMOSD), and healthy controls (HC)\u2014as well as between eyes with (ON<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eyes) and without a history of optic neuritis (ON<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>eyes).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional data of pwCIS, pwMS, and pwNMOSD with previous ON and HC were acquired at Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin. HRF analysis was performed manually on the central macular OCT scan. Semi\u2010manual OCT segmentation was performed to acquire the combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness. Group comparisons were performed by linear mixed models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 227 eyes from 88 patients (21 pwCIS, 32 pwMS, and 35 pwNMOSD) and 35 HCs were included. HRF in GCIPL and INL were more frequently detected in pwCIS, pwMS, and pwNMOSD than HCs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for all comparisons) with pwCIS exhibiting the greatest numbers. ON<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eyes of pwMS had less HRF in GCIPL than ON<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>eyes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.036), but no difference was seen in pwCIS and pwNMOSD. HRF GCIPL were correlated to GCIPL thickness in ON<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eyes in pwMS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040) and pwNMOSD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.031).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HRF occur in ON<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>eyes and ON<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>eyes across neuroinflammatory diseases. In pwMS and pwNMOSD, HRF frequency was positively associated with GCIPL thickness indicating that HRF formation might be dependent on retinal ganglion cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T08:57:59Z","timestamp":1736499479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hyperreflective retinal foci are associated with retinal degeneration after optic neuritis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0058-2365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Klyscz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin and Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie 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Clinical Research Center Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin and Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (NCRC) Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyedamirhosein","family":"Motamedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Clinical Research Center Max Delbr\u00fcck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin and Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Neuroscience Clinical Research Center (NCRC) Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member 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