{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:34:26Z","timestamp":1780360466854,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515012561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cortico\u2010striato\u2010thalamo\u2010cortical circuits play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS). While iron deficiency has been reported in adult TS, the iron content in pediatric TS remains poorly understood. This study aims to quantitatively assess whole\u2010brain iron deposition in pediatric TS compared to typically developing (TD) children using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this prospective study, we recruited 50 children with a clinical diagnosis of TS and 50 age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched TD controls. Whole\u2010brain images were acquired using 3D T1 and multi\u2010echo gradient\u2010recalled echo sequences. QSM maps were generated using the STISuite toolbox. After normalizing the QSM maps to Montreal Neurological Institute space, voxel\u2010based analysis was applied to compare between\u2010group differences in iron content. Additionally, we evaluated the relationship between iron content and tic severity in TS children using the Pearson's correlation test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to TD children, those with TS exhibited iron deficiency in the right anterior cingulum (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Conversely, increased QSM values were observed in the bilateral putamen of TS children (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Notably, QSM values in the left putamen showed a significant negative correlation with tic severity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.044).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that disturbed brain iron homeostasis in specific regions is associated with pediatric TS. These results reinforce the importance of the cortico\u2010striato\u2010thalamo\u2010cortical circuits in TS pathogenesis and highlight the potential role of iron dysregulation. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that QSM could serve as a valuable auxiliary biomarker for diagnosing and potentially monitoring pediatric TS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T07:40:13Z","timestamp":1738568413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Brain Iron Alteration in Pediatric Tourette Syndrome: A Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3641-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqiong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanglei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8704-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat\u2010Sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00303-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"936","article-title":"Tics and Tourette Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Singer H. 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