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Furthermore, the role of the APOE\u2010\u025b4 allele as a moderator of the associations was investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a prospective population\u2010based study, we analyzed data from 752 older adults followed up over 10\u2009years. A random\u2010intercept Cross\u2010Lagged Panel Model was applied to each combination of one cortisol measure (at waking time, 30\u2009min after waking, 11\u2009am, 8\u2009pm, cortisol awakening response, total daily output, and diurnal slope) and one cognitive measure (primary outcome: Clinical Dementia Rating Scale sum of boxes score, CDR\u2010SB; secondary outcome: Mini\u2010Mental State Examination) resulting in 14 (7\u2009\u00d7\u20092) models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between\u2010person effects pointed out that a higher cortisol level at 11\u2009am was associated with increased CDR\u2010SB scores, and a higher cortisol awakening response was associated with decreased CDR\u2010SB scores. Within\u2010person effects indicated that cortisol levels at 11\u2009am and 8\u2009pm, and total daily cortisol output were associated with subsequent lower CDR\u2010SB scores. The APOE\u2010\u025b4 allele did not moderate the relationship between cortisol and cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings revealed within\u2010person associations between higher cortisol levels and better cognitive functioning at the subsequent follow\u2010up, suggesting cortisol protective effects for cognitive decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T16:48:48Z","timestamp":1741711728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cortisol and 10\u2010Year Cognitive Decline in Older People From the General Population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1950-4351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Amendola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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