{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1784908110520,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elevated low\u2010frequency activity (4\u201312 Hz) within the globus pallidus internus (GPi) has been consistently associated with dystonia. However, the impacts of the genetic etiology of dystonia on low\u2010frequency GPi activity remain unclear; yet it holds importance for adaptive deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared the properties of GPi electrophysiology acquired from 70 microelectrode recordings (MER) trajectories of DYT\u2010<jats:italic>GNAL<\/jats:italic>, DYT\u2010<jats:italic>KMT2B<\/jats:italic>, DYT\u2010<jats:italic>SGCE<\/jats:italic>, DYT\u2010<jats:italic>THAP1<\/jats:italic>, DYT\u2010<jats:italic>TOR1A<\/jats:italic>, DYT\u2010<jats:italic>VPS16<\/jats:italic>, and idiopathic dystonia (iDYT) patients who underwent GPi\u2010DBS surgery across standard frequency bands.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DYT\u2010<jats:italic>SGCE<\/jats:italic> patients exhibited significantly lower alpha band activity (2.97%) compared to iDYT (4.44%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006) and DYT\u2010<jats:italic>THAP1<\/jats:italic> (4.51%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011). Additionally, theta band power was also significantly reduced in DYT\u2010<jats:italic>SGCE<\/jats:italic> (4.42%) compared to iDYT and DYT\u2010<jats:italic>THAP1<\/jats:italic> (7.91% and 7.00%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Instead, the genetic etiology of dystonia did not affect the spatial characteristics of GPi electrophysiology along MER trajectories.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Considering the genetic etiology of dystonia in closed\u2010loop DBS treatments and utilizing theta and alpha activity for GPi stimulation may optimize clinical outcomes. MER\u2010based DBS lead placement can proceed independently of the underlying genetic cause.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T09:27:09Z","timestamp":1741771629000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic Etiology Influences the Low\u2010Frequency Components of Globus Pallidus Internus Electrophysiology in Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1239-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Kaymak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Biorobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna  Pisa Italy"},{"name":"Department of Excellence for Robotics and AI Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi M.","family":"Romito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Department Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Colucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Department Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation University of Ferrara  Ferrara Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico Golfr\u00e8","family":"Andreasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Department Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Telese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Department Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rinaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Department Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Functional Neurosurgery Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neuroscience Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zvi","family":"Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Hadassah Medical Center  Jerusalem Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine The Hebrew University  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Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0755-5477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miryam","family":"Carecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Prokisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine Technical University of Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study Technical University of 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