{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:04:42Z","timestamp":1791389082719,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia can typically co\u2010occur in limbic autoimmune encephalitis (LAE), including the forms associated with antibodies to CASPR2\/LGI1, two protein complexed with the voltage\u2010gated potassium channel (VGKC). However, isolated retrograde amnesia is very rare, and it has never been described in LAE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report two patients with CASPR2 LAE who showed isolated retrograde amnesia, without other significant cognitive impairments. A systematic literature review was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines on patients with LAE, antibodies to the VGKC complex (including LGI1, CASPR2, or the VGKC), and memory impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 467 patients from 29 studies. Fourteen\/467 had retrograde amnesia (2.9%), which co\u2010occurred with anterograde amnesia in 12 with VGKC antibodies (7 with LGI1 LAE\u2010like clinical phenotypes). Our two cases with CASPR2 LAE (2\/469, 0.4%) were the only ones with isolated retrograde amnesia, which was actively investigated in only 56\/467 patients. Thirteen\/14 patients, including the two with isolated retrograde amnesia, had partial or poor cognitive improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrograde amnesia is rare but likely under\u2010recognized in VGKC\u2010complex antibodies LAE and associates with poor recovery. When isolated, it adds to the spectrum of CASPR2 LAE. These findings promote insights into retrograde amnesia pathophysiology, deserving investigation across the whole spectrum of AE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T08:43:29Z","timestamp":1742719409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Retrograde Amnesia in LGI1 and CASPR2 Limbic Encephalitis: Two Case Reports and a Systematic Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9691-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Malvaso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences University of Pavia  Pavia Italy"},{"name":"Neuroimmunology Research Section IRCCS Mondino Foundation  Pavia 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