{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:27:24Z","timestamp":1793834844958,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non\u2010atheromatous, non\u2010inflammatory arteriopathy involving the medium and small\u2010sized arteries virtually in all vascular beds. The most frequently involved arteries are cerebroafferent and renal arteries. The current classification of the diseases is mostly imaging based and two subtypes are defined: a multifocal one and a focal one. The multifocal pattern corresponds to the typical \u201cstring of beads\u201d, which is the most frequently reported subtype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this review, we are presenting the several phenotypes of FMD neuroimaging, including the associated conditions, mainly dissection and aneurysms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed the literature on neurovascular subtypes of FMD starting from the historical angiographic studies, validated versu pathologuy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous description of the diseases relied on angiographic appearance and had a close relationship with the pathological classification. In particular, the angiographic classification of the neurovascular involvement contained much more details than the current classification, including multifocal, focal and atypical subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Atypical subtype was missed in the transition from pathology to non\u2010invasive vascular imaging, but some features of the old classifications deserve to be retrieved in order to do not miss some phenotypes of FMD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The different imaging phenotypes might correspond to different clinical and prognostic phenotypes and their description supports the need of an updated classification, taking into accounts the past imaging subtypes and helping to address the underdiagnoses of FMD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T05:40:58Z","timestamp":1745905258000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neurovascular Involvement in Fibromuscular Dysplasia: A Clue for Reappraisal of Old Classifications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Zedde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Stroke Unit Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale\u2010IRCCS di Reggio Emilia  Reggio Emilia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2107-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Simona","family":"Stoenoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Cliniques Universitaires Saint\u2010Luc, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Persu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology Cliniques Universitaires Saint\u2010Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Pole of Cardiovascular Research Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7335-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Pascarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, AULSS 5 Polesana  Rovigo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046657"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.091223"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09539"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.114.001760"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.104.1.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/101.3.605"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.8.5.617"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102362.2011.02577.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2848"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000213"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000442577.96802.8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.117499"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"421","article-title":"Pseudofenestration of the Cervical Internal Carotid Artery: A Pathologic Process That Simulates an Anatomic Variant","volume":"25","author":"Gailloud P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR. 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