{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T21:30:50Z","timestamp":1782768650266,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15\/57\/143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/57\/143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive impairment is common in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), with executive dysfunction disproportionately so. The frontal assessment battery (FAB) is a bedside test assessing executive function. This study explores the distribution of FAB scores in a large SPMS cohort and their associations with disability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were analysed from 294 participants in a cognitive substudy of the MS\u2010STAT2 trial (NCT03387670). Associations between baseline FAB scores, ambulation status (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] &lt;\u20096.0 vs. \u2265\u20096.0) and other disability measures were assessed using generalised linear models, adjusting for age, education, gender and disease duration. FAB performance was also compared against other cognitive tests (SDMT, CVLT\u2010II, BVMT\u2010R).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>23.8% of participants scored the FAB maximum of 18; 29.9% scored below the clinical threshold of 16. FAB scores showed moderate correlations with SDMT (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.46), CVLT\u2010II (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.36) and BVMT\u2010R (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic> =\u20090.43), and participants scoring &lt;\u200916 were significantly more likely to be impaired across these cognitive domains (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u20090.001). Lower baseline FAB scores were significantly associated with higher EDSS, slower T25FW and reduced manual dexterity (9HPT) (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;\u20090.005) at baseline and longitudinally, with performance comparable to other validated cognitive tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present a large cohort of FAB scores in the SPMS population. Lower FAB scores are associated with both concurrent and future disability and may offer a scalable tool for identifying individuals at greater risk of progression and a robust trial outcome measure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T15:36:07Z","timestamp":1752075367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Executive Dysfunction and Disability in <scp>SPMS<\/scp>: Predictive Value of the Frontal Assessment Battery in the <scp>UCLH MS<\/scp>\u2010<scp>STAT2<\/scp> Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5199-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Wade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisha","family":"Doshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean Apap","family":"Mangion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8197-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Floriana","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1146-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9834-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nevin","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Calvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Braisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neuroinflammation UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Blackstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Clinical Trials Unit University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University College London  London 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