{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:01:58Z","timestamp":1788537718232,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), driven by T cells, mediated by B cells, and dependent on autoantibodies. In addition to the typical motor symptoms of fluctuating weakness, the non\u2010motor symptoms are also prevalent among MG patients. This review aims to present the non\u2010motor symptoms of MG and their potential pathogenesis, hoping to contribute to personalized diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review elaborates the non\u2010motor symptoms of MG and systematically detail, for the first time, their potential pathogenic mechanisms, offering a new perspective for clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The non\u2010motor symptoms of MG include autonomic disorders (urinary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and ocular dysfunction), sensory disability (olfactory abnormalities, gustatory reduction and headaches), cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, psychological problems (depression and anxiety), and TAMG\u2010associated specific syndromes. Due to their insidious onset and lack of awareness, these symptoms are often overlooked. We review the non\u2010motor symptoms of MG and first provide a systematic and detailed discussion on their potential mechanisms, including the influence of MG\u2010specific antibodies (cross\u2010reactivity of AChR\u2010Ab, expression of MuSK\u2010Ab, and striational antibodies at related functional sites), dysregulation of inflammatory factors and immune cells, collateral effects of motor symptoms, impacts of MG comorbidities, and paraneoplastic syndromes caused by thymoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non\u2010motor symptoms are common in MG patients. Given a series of potential mechanisms probably involved exploring these non\u2010motor symptoms will not only enhance our understanding of MG but also aid in diagnosis and the development of precise, personalized treatments, ultimately improving the overall life quality of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T07:14:35Z","timestamp":1753773275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Beyond the Surface: Investigating the Potential Mechanisms of Non\u2010Motor Symptoms in Myasthenia Gravis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0743-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benqiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University  Shenyang 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