{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:26:42Z","timestamp":1790800002087,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006920","name":"University of Pennsylvania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of misfolded alpha\u2010synuclein (\u03b1\u2010Syn) and the subsequent loss of dopaminergic neurons. Identifying reliable and non\u2010invasive biomarkers is crucial for accelerating early diagnosis and monitoring disease progression. To this aim, we longitudinally investigated \u03b1\u2010Syn in salivary extracellular vesicles (SEVs) in PD patients and the correlation with clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SEVs were isolated from PD patients and healthy controls (HCs) saliva using differential ultracentrifugation followed by morphological and molecular characterization. The levels of both total (\u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Tot<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and oligomeric (\u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Olig<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) \u03b1\u2010Syn were quantified by ELISA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found a significant increase in both \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Tot<\/jats:sub>\n                      and \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Olig<\/jats:sub>\n                      in PD\u2010derived SEVs compared to HCs, and receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Olig<\/jats:sub>\n                      displayed higher sensitivity (65%) for discriminating PD from HCs compared to \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Tot<\/jats:sub>\n                      (59%). Moreover, \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Olig<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels correlated negatively with Mini\u2010Mental State Examination scores and were higher in patients with motor fluctuations. Finally, we found that \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Olig<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels did not change after one\u2010year follow\u2010up in patients when also the clinical parameters remained unaltered.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results establish for the first time that SEVs\u2010associated \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Olig<\/jats:sub>\n                      is a promising, sensitive and non\u2010invasive biomarker for PD diagnosis and clinical correlation studies, bearing higher sensitivity than \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Tot<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Moreover, \u03b1\u2010Syn\n                      <jats:sub>Olig<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels closely followed the clinical outcomes in PD patients. Finally, these findings strengthen the rationale for the further exploration of SEVs to disclose still unavailable accessible biomarkers for multiple neurological diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T09:59:13Z","timestamp":1769594353000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Validation of \u03b1\u2010Synuclein in Salivary Extracellular Vesicles as a Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Antonia","family":"Gurgone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRita Levi\u2010Montalcini\u201d Department of Neuroscience University of Turin  Turin 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