{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:46:50Z","timestamp":1791985610797,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3 NS113769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3 NS113769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Parkinson's disease (PD), sleep\u2010related oscillatory dynamics between basal ganglia and cortical nodes may inform sleep dysfunction. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is highly interconnected with human sleep circuitry and is a current target of interest for sleep neuromodulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate correlated cortical\u2013subcortical activity, we recorded simultaneous PSG and STN local field potentials (LFP) in 19 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) for PD. We evaluated the correlation in spectral power between STN\u2010LFP and EEG during polysomnogram (PSG)\u2010defined stages of sleep. In addition, we analyzed aperiodic 1\/f spectral parameters (exponent and offset), which have been identified as markers of arousal across sleep stages. Finally, we trained classifiers on aperiodic features to test whether 1\/f structure alone could recover PSG\u2010defined sleep stages from EEG and STN\u2010LFP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results revealed a significant interaction between recording modality and sleep stage. During wakefulness and REM sleep, STN\u2010LFP exhibited a significantly steeper spectral slope compared to scalp EEG. However, this dissociation diminished with sleep depth; slopes appeared more similar during N2 and reversed during N3, where EEG became steeper than LFP. Across subjects, the aperiodic component showed robust state dependence and modality differences with STN\u2010LFP maintaining higher exponents overall. STN\u2010LFP aperiodic features alone classified sleep stages above chance and outperformed scalp EEG, approaching the combined\u2010modality ceiling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight distinct subcortical electrophysiological signatures in sleep\u2010dependent regulation of neural arousal across brain networks in PD. These insights offer potential biomarkers for both invasive and non\u2010invasive forms of closed\u2010loop neuromodulation strategies targeting sleep dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04620551\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      identifier: NCT04620551\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:51:06Z","timestamp":1787813466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shared Spectral Parameters Between\n                    <scp>EEG<\/scp>\n                    and Basal Ganglia\n                    <scp>LFP<\/scp>\n                    Distinguish Sleep\u2010Specific Oscillations in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-7938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Hirt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1393-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruby","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Medicine Sleep Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care &amp; Sleep Medicine, Internal Medicine University of Nebraska Medical Center  Omaha Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesile","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clete","family":"Kushida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2259-2612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen 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