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Owing to this striking sexual dimorphism it has been postulated that sex hormones play a role in the maintenance of normal temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function. Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) is a secreted lubricating molecule required for maintaining low frictional levels within articular joints; however, its role in the TMJ is not well characterized. In this study we describe the development of immortalized baboon cells isolated from specific regions of the TMJ disc and their use in the investigation of PRG4 expression and localization patterns in the TMJ. We identified conserved estrogen response elements within the 5\u2032 flanking region of the <jats:italic>PRG4<\/jats:italic> gene of several species, and found that treatment of baboon TMJ disc cells with estrogen led to reduced <jats:italic>PRG4<\/jats:italic> promoter activity and reduced expression of <jats:italic>PRG4 <\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> in vitro. The observed negative regulation of PRG4 by estrogen could lead to increased friction and degradation of joint components over time. This study, for the first time, provides evidence of the regulatory potential of estrogen on <jats:italic>PRG4<\/jats:italic> gene expression and suggests a novel etiology for the gender disparity observed among TMD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]],"date-time":"2014-03-12T13:03:13Z","timestamp":1394629393000},"page":"100-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Transcriptional regulation of proteoglycan 4 by 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol in immortalized baboon temporomandibular joint disc cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"McDaniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramya","family":"Akula Suresh Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"LeBaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"358","volume-title":"Ten Cate's oral histology: development, structure and function","author":"Nanci A","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03230-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"651","article-title":"17\u2010beta\u2010estradiol and progesterone serum levels in temporomandibular disorder patients","volume":"53","author":"Landi N","year":"2004","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000047881"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(86)90407-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(87)90025-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(00)90337-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(96)90690-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(10)80448-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000070570"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2001.0153"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la702383n"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505401200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.9399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"2349","article-title":"A syndrome of fibrosing pleuritis, pericarditis, and synovitis with infantile contractures of fingers and toes in 2 sisters: familial fibrosing serositis","volume":"22","author":"Verma U","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/15496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"503","article-title":"Lubricin reduces cartilage\u2010cartilage integration","volume":"41","author":"Schaefer DB","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200522263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"391","article-title":"TMJ anatomy and animal models","volume":"3","author":"Herring SW","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)80027-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.2.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.2.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"McDanielJS.Identification and characterization of proteoglycan 4 splice variants in the baboon temporomandibular joint Dissertation University of Texas at San Antonio 2010. 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